{
  "$schema": "./andean-crops.schema.json",
  "metadata": {
    "title": "Andean crops nutrient composition dataset",
    "version": "0.3.0",
    "date": "2026-11-13",
    "description": "Proximate composition, energy and selected minerals of eight Andean crops, with per-value provenance and verification status.",
    "basis": "All values are per 100 g edible portion of the food in the state described for each crop (dry seed or kernel, dried hypocotyl or fresh tuber). Values are not comparable across these states without conversion.",
    "verification_levels": {
      "verified": "Checked against the primary source record by a curator.",
      "corroborated": "Matches the named source record as reproduced by at least one independent secondary copy; the primary record was not accessed.",
      "unverified": "Source not identified, or value not checked against any source."
    },
    "methods": [
      {
        "id": "basis",
        "text": "Values are expressed per 100 g edible portion of the food as described. Dry-matter values are calculated as value × 100 / (100 − water) and are shown only where water content is available. Per-energy values are calculated as value × 100 / energy and express nutrient density per 100 kcal.",
        "refs": []
      },
      {
        "id": "food-matching",
        "text": "Each record states whether the source food matches the crop directly or is a proxy (for example, a source that does not specify the species).",
        "refs": [
          "fao-infoods-2012-matching"
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "energy-check",
        "text": "Energy is recalculated with general conversion factors of 4 kcal/g for protein and available carbohydrate, 9 kcal/g for fat and 2 kcal/g for dietary fibre, approximating available carbohydrate as total carbohydrate by difference minus dietary fibre. A difference of more than 10 % from the reported energy is flagged for review. The 10 % tolerance is a screening heuristic set for this dataset, not a published limit.",
        "refs": [
          "fao-2003-fnp77"
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "proximate-sum",
        "text": "Where water and ash are reported, the sum of water, protein, fat, total carbohydrate and ash is expected to lie between 97 and 103 g/100 g. When carbohydrate is calculated by difference the sum equals 100 g by construction, so this check mainly detects transcription errors and values combined from different samples.",
        "refs": [
          "greenfield-southgate-2003",
          "fao-infoods-2012-checking"
        ]
      }
    ]
  },
  "components": [
    {
      "id": "energy",
      "label": "Energy",
      "unit": "kcal",
      "infoods": "ENERC",
      "group": "energy",
      "decimals": 0,
      "description": "Metabolisable energy as reported by the source."
    },
    {
      "id": "water",
      "label": "Water",
      "unit": "g",
      "infoods": "WATER",
      "group": "proximate",
      "decimals": 1,
      "description": "Moisture content."
    },
    {
      "id": "protein",
      "label": "Protein",
      "unit": "g",
      "infoods": "PROCNT",
      "group": "proximate",
      "decimals": 1,
      "description": "Total protein, conventionally calculated from total nitrogen; the nitrogen conversion factor is not recorded."
    },
    {
      "id": "fat",
      "label": "Fat, total",
      "unit": "g",
      "infoods": "FAT",
      "group": "proximate",
      "decimals": 1,
      "description": "Total lipid. INFOODS distinguishes fat tagnames by analytical method; the method is not recorded here."
    },
    {
      "id": "carbohydrate_total",
      "label": "Carbohydrate, total (by difference)",
      "unit": "g",
      "infoods": "CHOCDF",
      "group": "proximate",
      "decimals": 1,
      "description": "Total carbohydrate calculated by difference; includes dietary fibre. It is not available carbohydrate."
    },
    {
      "id": "fibre",
      "label": "Dietary fibre",
      "unit": "g",
      "infoods": "FIBTG",
      "group": "proximate",
      "decimals": 1,
      "description": "Total dietary fibre for USDA-sourced values. For undocumented sources the method is unknown and the value may be crude fibre (INFOODS FIBC), which is not comparable with total dietary fibre."
    },
    {
      "id": "ash",
      "label": "Ash",
      "unit": "g",
      "infoods": "ASH",
      "group": "proximate",
      "decimals": 1,
      "description": "Total inorganic residue."
    },
    {
      "id": "calcium",
      "label": "Calcium",
      "unit": "mg",
      "infoods": "CA",
      "group": "mineral",
      "decimals": 0,
      "description": "Total calcium."
    },
    {
      "id": "iron",
      "label": "Iron",
      "unit": "mg",
      "infoods": "FE",
      "group": "mineral",
      "decimals": 1,
      "description": "Total iron; bioavailability is not represented."
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "legacy-v0",
      "type": "internal",
      "authors": [
        {
          "literal": "andean-crops repository"
        }
      ],
      "year": null,
      "title": "Values carried over from version 0.1 of this repository, for which no primary source was documented",
      "record_check": "not-applicable"
    },
    {
      "id": "usda-sr-legacy-2018",
      "type": "database",
      "authors": [
        {
          "literal": "U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service"
        }
      ],
      "year": 2018,
      "title": "USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Legacy Release",
      "publisher": "Nutrient Data Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center",
      "place": "Beltsville, MD",
      "url": "https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/",
      "record_check": "indexed-record"
    },
    {
      "id": "fao-2003-fnp77",
      "type": "report",
      "authors": [
        {
          "literal": "FAO"
        }
      ],
      "year": 2003,
      "title": "Food energy – methods of analysis and conversion factors. Report of a technical workshop, Rome, 3–6 December 2002",
      "container": "FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77",
      "publisher": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations",
      "place": "Rome",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/3/Y5022E/y5022e00.htm",
      "record_check": "indexed-record"
    },
    {
      "id": "greenfield-southgate-2003",
      "type": "book",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Greenfield",
          "given": "H."
        },
        {
          "family": "Southgate",
          "given": "D.A.T."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2003,
      "title": "Food composition data: production, management and use",
      "edition": "2nd edn",
      "publisher": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations",
      "place": "Rome",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/3/y4705e/y4705e.pdf",
      "record_check": "secondary-reference"
    },
    {
      "id": "fao-infoods-2012-checking",
      "type": "guideline",
      "authors": [
        {
          "literal": "FAO/INFOODS"
        }
      ],
      "year": 2012,
      "title": "FAO/INFOODS guidelines for checking food composition data prior to the publication of a user table/database – Version 1.0",
      "publisher": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations",
      "place": "Rome",
      "url": "https://www.fao.org/infoods/infoods/standards-guidelines/en/",
      "record_check": "indexed-record"
    },
    {
      "id": "fao-infoods-2012-matching",
      "type": "guideline",
      "authors": [
        {
          "literal": "FAO/INFOODS"
        }
      ],
      "year": 2012,
      "title": "FAO/INFOODS guidelines for food matching – Version 1.2",
      "publisher": "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations",
      "place": "Rome",
      "url": "https://fao.org/fileadmin/templates/food_composition/documents/upload/INFOODSGuidelinesforFoodMatching_version_1_2.pdf",
      "record_check": "indexed-record"
    },
    {
      "id": "repo-carrasco-2003",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Repo-Carrasco",
          "given": "R."
        },
        {
          "family": "Espinoza",
          "given": "C."
        },
        {
          "family": "Jacobsen",
          "given": "S.-E."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2003,
      "title": "Nutritional value and use of the Andean crops quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) and kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule)",
      "container": "Food Reviews International",
      "volume": "19",
      "pages": "179–189",
      "doi": "10.1081/FRI-120018884",
      "record_check": "crossref"
    },
    {
      "id": "repo-carrasco-valencia-2010",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Repo-Carrasco-Valencia",
          "given": "R."
        },
        {
          "family": "Hellström",
          "given": "J.K."
        },
        {
          "family": "Pihlava",
          "given": "J.-M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Mattila",
          "given": "P.H."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2010,
      "title": "Flavonoids and other phenolic compounds in Andean indigenous grains: quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa), kañiwa (Chenopodium pallidicaule) and kiwicha (Amaranthus caudatus)",
      "container": "Food Chemistry",
      "volume": "120",
      "issue": "1",
      "pages": "128–133",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.087",
      "record_check": "crossref"
    },
    {
      "id": "nowak-2016",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Nowak",
          "given": "V."
        },
        {
          "family": "Du",
          "given": "J."
        },
        {
          "family": "Charrondière",
          "given": "U.R."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2016,
      "title": "Assessment of the nutritional composition of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)",
      "container": "Food Chemistry",
      "volume": "193",
      "pages": "47–54",
      "record_check": "crossref",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.111"
    },
    {
      "id": "he-2002",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "He",
          "given": "H.-P."
        },
        {
          "family": "Cai",
          "given": "Y."
        },
        {
          "family": "Sun",
          "given": "M."
        },
        {
          "family": "Corke",
          "given": "H."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2002,
      "title": "Extraction and purification of squalene from Amaranthus grain",
      "container": "Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry",
      "volume": "50",
      "issue": "2",
      "pages": "368–372",
      "doi": "10.1021/jf010918p",
      "record_check": "crossref"
    },
    {
      "id": "carvajal-larenas-2016",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Carvajal-Larenas",
          "given": "F.E."
        },
        {
          "family": "Linnemann",
          "given": "A.R."
        },
        {
          "family": "Nout",
          "given": "M.J.R."
        },
        {
          "family": "Koziol",
          "given": "M."
        },
        {
          "family": "van Boekel",
          "given": "M.A.J.S."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2016,
      "title": "Lupinus mutabilis: composition, uses, toxicology, and debittering",
      "container": "Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition",
      "volume": "56",
      "issue": "9",
      "pages": "1454–1487",
      "doi": "10.1080/10408398.2013.772089",
      "record_check": "crossref"
    },
    {
      "id": "gonzales-2012",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Gonzales",
          "given": "G.F."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2012,
      "title": "Ethnobiology and ethnopharmacology of Lepidium meyenii (maca), a plant from the Peruvian highlands",
      "container": "Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine",
      "volume": "2012",
      "pages": "193496",
      "doi": "10.1155/2012/193496",
      "record_check": "crossref"
    },
    {
      "id": "wang-zhu-2019",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Wang",
          "given": "S."
        },
        {
          "family": "Zhu",
          "given": "F."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2019,
      "title": "Chemical composition and health effects of maca (Lepidium meyenii)",
      "container": "Food Chemistry",
      "volume": "288",
      "pages": "422–443",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.02.071",
      "record_check": "crossref"
    },
    {
      "id": "pedreschi-2007",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Pedreschi",
          "given": "R."
        },
        {
          "family": "Cisneros-Zevallos",
          "given": "L."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2007,
      "title": "Phenolic profiles of Andean purple corn (Zea mays L.)",
      "container": "Food Chemistry",
      "volume": "100",
      "issue": "3",
      "pages": "956–963",
      "doi": "10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.11.004",
      "record_check": "crossref"
    },
    {
      "id": "lao-2017",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Lao",
          "given": "F."
        },
        {
          "family": "Sigurdson",
          "given": "G.T."
        },
        {
          "family": "Giusti",
          "given": "M.M."
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      ],
      "year": 2017,
      "title": "Health benefits of purple corn (Zea mays L.) phenolic compounds",
      "container": "Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety",
      "volume": "16",
      "issue": "2",
      "pages": "234–246",
      "doi": "10.1111/1541-4337.12249",
      "record_check": "crossref"
    },
    {
      "id": "ortega-2006",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Ortega",
          "given": "O.R."
        },
        {
          "family": "Kliebenstein",
          "given": "D.J."
        },
        {
          "family": "Arbizu",
          "given": "C."
        },
        {
          "family": "Ortega",
          "given": "R."
        },
        {
          "family": "Quirós",
          "given": "C.F."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2006,
      "title": "Glucosinolate survey of cultivated and feral mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruíz & Pavón) in the Cuzco region of Peru",
      "container": "Economic Botany",
      "volume": "60",
      "issue": "3",
      "pages": "254–264",
      "doi": "10.1663/0013-0001(2006)60[254:GSOCAF]2.0.CO;2",
      "record_check": "crossref"
    },
    {
      "id": "campos-2006",
      "type": "article",
      "authors": [
        {
          "family": "Campos",
          "given": "D."
        },
        {
          "family": "Noratto",
          "given": "G."
        },
        {
          "family": "Chirinos",
          "given": "R."
        },
        {
          "family": "Arbizu",
          "given": "C."
        },
        {
          "family": "Roca",
          "given": "W."
        },
        {
          "family": "Cisneros-Zevallos",
          "given": "L."
        }
      ],
      "year": 2006,
      "title": "Antioxidant capacity and secondary metabolites in four species of Andean tuber crops: native potato (Solanum sp.), mashua (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz & Pavón), oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) and ulluco (Ullucus tuberosus Caldas)",
      "container": "Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture",
      "volume": "86",
      "issue": "10",
      "pages": "1481–1488",
      "doi": "10.1002/jsfa.2529",
      "record_check": "crossref"
    }
  ],
  "crops": [
    {
      "id": "quinoa",
      "names": {
        "common": "Quinoa",
        "alternative": [
          "quinua"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Chenopodium",
        "species": "quinoa",
        "authority": "Willd.",
        "family": "Amaranthaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "pseudocereal",
      "edible_part": "seed",
      "food": {
        "description": "Quinoa, uncooked",
        "condition": "dry"
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "usda-sr-legacy-2018",
        "source_record": "FDC ID 168874 (SR Legacy NDB 20035), 'Quinoa, uncooked'",
        "match": "direct",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 368,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "water": {
            "value": 13.28,
            "verification": "corroborated",
            "note": "Corroborated by scaling a per-cup (170 g) listing of the source record to 100 g."
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 14.12,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 6.07,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 64.16,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 7.0,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "ash": {
            "value": 2.38,
            "verification": "corroborated",
            "note": "Corroborated by scaling a per-cup (170 g) listing of the source record to 100 g."
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 47,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 4.57,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "kind": "bioactive",
          "text": "Flavonoids, chiefly quercetin and kaempferol glycosides; total flavonoids in the quinoa and kañiwa samples studied ranged from 36.2 to 144.3 mg/100 g.",
          "refs": [
            "repo-carrasco-valencia-2010"
          ],
          "checked": true
        },
        {
          "kind": "antinutrient",
          "text": "Bitter saponins are concentrated in the outer seed layers; grain is usually dehulled or polished and washed before use, and low-saponin ('sweet') cultivars are being developed.",
          "refs": [
            "nowak-2016"
          ],
          "checked": true
        },
        {
          "kind": "context",
          "text": "Seed oil with linoleic acid as the main fatty acid and a high tocopherol content (reported jointly for quinoa and kañiwa).",
          "refs": [
            "repo-carrasco-2003"
          ],
          "checked": true
        }
      ],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/quinoa.webp",
        "alt": "Close-up of white quinoa grains",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 482,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Quinoa closeup.jpg",
          "author": "Pom²",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Quinoa_closeup.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "kiwicha",
      "names": {
        "common": "Kiwicha",
        "alternative": [
          "Andean amaranth"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Amaranthus",
        "species": "caudatus",
        "authority": "L.",
        "family": "Amaranthaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "pseudocereal",
      "edible_part": "seed",
      "food": {
        "description": "Amaranth grain, uncooked (species not specified by the source)",
        "condition": "dry",
        "note": "Water and ash were not added because they could not be corroborated for this source record; dry-matter values are therefore unavailable."
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "usda-sr-legacy-2018",
        "source_record": "FDC ID 170682 (SR Legacy NDB 20001), 'Amaranth grain, uncooked'",
        "match": "proxy",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 371,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 13.56,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 7.02,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 65.25,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 6.7,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 159,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 7.61,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "kind": "bioactive",
          "text": "No quantifiable flavonoids were found in the kiwicha samples studied, in contrast to quinoa and kañiwa.",
          "refs": [
            "repo-carrasco-valencia-2010"
          ],
          "checked": true
        },
        {
          "kind": "bioactive",
          "text": "Amaranth seed oil contains squalene; one study reported 4.2 % squalene in crude Amaranthus oil.",
          "refs": [
            "he-2002"
          ],
          "checked": true
        }
      ],
      "flags": [
        {
          "code": "proxy-match",
          "text": "Composition values describe amaranth grain of unspecified species and are used as a proxy for Amaranthus caudatus."
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/kiwicha.webp",
        "alt": "Kiwicha grains held in the palm of a hand",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 540,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Amaranthus kiwicha.jpg",
          "author": "Crops for the Future",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amaranthus_kiwicha.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "canihua",
      "names": {
        "common": "Cañihua",
        "alternative": [
          "kañiwa",
          "cañahua"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Chenopodium",
        "species": "pallidicaule",
        "authority": "Aellen",
        "family": "Amaranthaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "pseudocereal",
      "edible_part": "seed",
      "food": {
        "description": "Seed, dry (state as stated in version 0.1; not documented by a source)",
        "condition": "dry"
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "legacy-v0",
        "match": "unknown",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 343,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 15.7,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 4.2,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 63.8,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 9.8,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 110,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 13.0,
            "verification": "unverified"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "kind": "bioactive",
          "text": "Flavonoids, chiefly quercetin and isorhamnetin glycosides.",
          "refs": [
            "repo-carrasco-valencia-2010"
          ],
          "checked": true
        },
        {
          "kind": "context",
          "text": "Seed oil with linoleic acid as the main fatty acid and a high tocopherol content (reported jointly for quinoa and kañiwa).",
          "refs": [
            "repo-carrasco-2003"
          ],
          "checked": true
        }
      ],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/canihua.webp",
        "alt": "Cañihua plants in a field near Juliaca, Peru",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 540,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule) at Atuncolla near Sillustani Juliaca.jpg",
          "author": "Crops for the Future",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canihua_%28Chenopodium_pallidicaule%29_at_Atuncolla_near_Sillustani_Juliaca.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "tarwi",
      "names": {
        "common": "Tarwi",
        "alternative": [
          "chocho",
          "Andean lupin"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Lupinus",
        "species": "mutabilis",
        "authority": "Sweet",
        "family": "Fabaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "grain_legume",
      "edible_part": "seed",
      "food": {
        "description": "Seed, dry (debittering status not documented)",
        "condition": "dry",
        "note": "Debittered, cooked tarwi as eaten has a much higher water content than the dry seed."
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "legacy-v0",
        "match": "unknown",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 411,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 44.3,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 16.5,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 28.2,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 11.2,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 93,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 5.3,
            "verification": "unverified"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "kind": "antinutrient",
          "text": "Raw seeds contain bitter, toxic quinolizidine alkaloids (mainly lupanine, with sparteine and hydroxylupanines) and are debittered before consumption, traditionally by soaking, cooking and repeated washing in water.",
          "refs": [
            "carvajal-larenas-2016"
          ],
          "checked": false
        },
        {
          "kind": "context",
          "text": "Lipid fraction dominated by oleic acid (monounsaturated) and linoleic acid (polyunsaturated).",
          "refs": [
            "carvajal-larenas-2016"
          ],
          "checked": false
        }
      ],
      "flags": [
        {
          "code": "not-eaten-raw",
          "text": "The raw seed is not eaten; values do not describe the debittered food as consumed."
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/tarwi.webp",
        "alt": "Tarwi seeds (Lupinus mutabilis)",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 480,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Lupinus mutabilis seeds.jpg",
          "author": "Tracey Slotta @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database",
          "licence": "Public domain",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lupinus_mutabilis_seeds.jpg"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "maca",
      "names": {
        "common": "Maca",
        "alternative": []
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Lepidium",
        "species": "meyenii",
        "authority": "Walp.",
        "family": "Brassicaceae",
        "note": "Some authors treat cultivated maca as Lepidium peruvianum."
      },
      "crop_group": "root_tuber",
      "edible_part": "hypocotyl",
      "food": {
        "description": "Hypocotyl, dried (inferred from energy density; not documented by a source)",
        "condition": "dried"
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "legacy-v0",
        "match": "unknown",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 325,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 10.2,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 0.9,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 71.4,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 8.5,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 250,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 14.8,
            "verification": "unverified"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "kind": "context",
          "text": "Cultivated in the central Andes of Peru at about 4000–4500 m altitude.",
          "refs": [
            "gonzales-2012"
          ],
          "checked": true
        },
        {
          "kind": "bioactive",
          "text": "Glucosinolates, predominantly benzyl glucosinolate (glucotropaeolin).",
          "refs": [
            "wang-zhu-2019"
          ],
          "checked": false
        },
        {
          "kind": "bioactive",
          "text": "Macamides (N-benzylalkamides) and macaenes; macamides are reported to form mainly during post-harvest drying.",
          "refs": [
            "wang-zhu-2019"
          ],
          "checked": false
        },
        {
          "kind": "context",
          "text": "Clinical evidence for the health effects attributed to maca is limited.",
          "refs": [
            "wang-zhu-2019"
          ],
          "checked": true
        }
      ],
      "flags": [
        {
          "code": "composite-suspected",
          "text": "Energy, carbohydrate, calcium and iron coincide with values declared on at least one commercial maca-powder label (rounded label declarations, not analytical data). The origin of the other values is unknown, so the record may combine values from different products or samples."
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/maca.webp",
        "alt": "Maca hypocotyls with leaves",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 540,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Lepidium meyenii, Tsaghkadzor, in culture1.jpg",
          "author": "Vahe Martirosyan",
          "licence": "CC BY 2.5",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lepidium_meyenii%2C_Tsaghkadzor%2C_in_culture1.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "purple-corn",
      "names": {
        "common": "Purple corn",
        "alternative": [
          "maíz morado"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Zea",
        "species": "mays",
        "authority": "L.",
        "family": "Poaceae",
        "note": "Purple-pigmented Andean maize. Version 0.1 used the informal name 'Zea mays amylacea', which is not used here."
      },
      "crop_group": "cereal",
      "edible_part": "kernel",
      "food": {
        "description": "Kernel, dry (not documented by a source)",
        "condition": "dry"
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "legacy-v0",
        "match": "unknown",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 356,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 8.5,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 4.3,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 74.2,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 7.3,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 18,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 2.1,
            "verification": "unverified"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "kind": "bioactive",
          "text": "Anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside, pelargonidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside, with acylated forms), together with p-coumaric and ferulic acids and quercetin derivatives.",
          "refs": [
            "pedreschi-2007"
          ],
          "checked": true
        },
        {
          "kind": "context",
          "text": "Reported health effects of purple-corn phenolics come mainly from cell and animal studies; evidence from human studies is limited.",
          "refs": [
            "lao-2017"
          ],
          "checked": true
        }
      ],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/purple-corn.webp",
        "alt": "Purple maize cob (maíz morado), museum specimen",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 448,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Zea mays 'morado' MHNT.BOT.2015.34.11.jpg",
          "author": "Roger Culos",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zea_mays_%27morado%27_MHNT.BOT.2015.34.11.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "mashua",
      "names": {
        "common": "Mashua",
        "alternative": [
          "isaño"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Tropaeolum",
        "species": "tuberosum",
        "authority": "Ruiz & Pav.",
        "family": "Tropaeolaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "root_tuber",
      "edible_part": "tuber",
      "food": {
        "description": "Tuber, fresh (inferred from energy density; not documented by a source)",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "legacy-v0",
        "match": "unknown",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 52,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 1.5,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 0.2,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 11.3,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 1.8,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 12,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 1.2,
            "verification": "unverified"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "kind": "bioactive",
          "text": "Three aromatic glucosinolates identified; total contents ranged from 0.27 to 50.74 µmol/g dried tuber and were highest in feral plants.",
          "refs": [
            "ortega-2006"
          ],
          "checked": true
        },
        {
          "kind": "bioactive",
          "text": "Highest antioxidant capacity and phenolic, anthocyanin and carotenoid contents of the four Andean tuber crops compared (native potato, mashua, oca and ulluco).",
          "refs": [
            "campos-2006"
          ],
          "checked": true
        }
      ],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/mashua.webp",
        "alt": "Mashua tubers of several colours from Peru",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 1068,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Mashua tuber diversity Peru (Tropaeolum tuberosum).JPG",
          "author": "Michael Hermann",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mashua_tuber_diversity_Peru_%28Tropaeolum_tuberosum%29.JPG",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "oca",
      "names": {
        "common": "Oca",
        "alternative": [
          "New Zealand yam"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Oxalis",
        "species": "tuberosa",
        "authority": "Molina",
        "family": "Oxalidaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "root_tuber",
      "edible_part": "tuber",
      "food": {
        "description": "Tuber, fresh (inferred from energy density; not documented by a source)",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "legacy-v0",
        "match": "unknown",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 61,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 1.1,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 0.6,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 13.3,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 1.4,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 19,
            "verification": "unverified"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 1.6,
            "verification": "unverified"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [
        {
          "kind": "antinutrient",
          "text": "Contains oxalate; contents vary between cultivars and are reported to fall during traditional post-harvest exposure to sunlight, which also raises sugar content.",
          "refs": [],
          "checked": false
        },
        {
          "kind": "bioactive",
          "text": "Analysed for antioxidant capacity, phenolics, anthocyanins and carotenoids alongside native potato, mashua and ulluco; mashua had the highest values.",
          "refs": [
            "campos-2006"
          ],
          "checked": true
        }
      ],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/oca.webp",
        "alt": "Red oca tubers",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 677,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Oca du Pérou 01.jpg",
          "author": "Tux-Man",
          "licence": "CC0 1.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oca_du_P%C3%A9rou_01.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "potato",
      "names": {
        "common": "Potato",
        "alternative": [
          "papa"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Solanum",
        "species": "tuberosum",
        "authority": "L.",
        "family": "Solanaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "root_tuber",
      "edible_part": "tuber",
      "food": {
        "description": "Potatoes, flesh and skin, raw",
        "condition": "fresh",
        "note": "Cultivar not specified by the source; native Andean landraces may differ."
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "usda-sr-legacy-2018",
        "source_record": "FDC ID 170026, 'Potatoes, flesh and skin, raw'",
        "match": "direct",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 77,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "water": {
            "value": 79.25,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 2.05,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 0.09,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 17.49,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 2.1,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 0.81,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/potato.webp",
        "alt": "Native Andean potatoes of several shapes and colours",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 434,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Papas Nativas.jpg",
          "author": "Davidsuna",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Papas_Nativas.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "ulluco",
      "names": {
        "common": "Ulluco",
        "alternative": [
          "olluco",
          "melloco"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Ullucus",
        "species": "tuberosus",
        "authority": "Caldas",
        "family": "Basellaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "root_tuber",
      "edible_part": "tuber",
      "food": {
        "description": "Tuber, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/ulluco.webp",
        "alt": "Ulluco tubers from southern Peru",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 478,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Ullucus tuberosus (South Peru).jpg",
          "author": "Eric Hunt",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ullucus_tuberosus_%28South_Peru%29.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "yacon",
      "names": {
        "common": "Yacón",
        "alternative": [
          "yacon"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Smallanthus",
        "species": "sonchifolius",
        "authority": "(Poepp.) H.Rob.",
        "family": "Asteraceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "root_tuber",
      "edible_part": "root",
      "food": {
        "description": "Storage root, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/yacon.webp",
        "alt": "Whole and halved yacón storage roots",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 484,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Yacon roots (Smallanthus sonchifolius).JPG",
          "author": "NusHub",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yacon_roots_%28Smallanthus_sonchifolius%29.JPG",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "arracacha",
      "names": {
        "common": "Arracacha",
        "alternative": [
          "racacha",
          "Peruvian parsnip"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Arracacia",
        "species": "xanthorrhiza",
        "authority": "Bancr.",
        "family": "Apiaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "root_tuber",
      "edible_part": "root",
      "food": {
        "description": "Storage root, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/arracacha.webp",
        "alt": "Arracacha roots in a supermarket crate",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 406,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Arracacia xanthorrhiza supermarket.jpg",
          "author": "Germarquezm",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arracacia_xanthorrhiza_supermarket.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "achira",
      "names": {
        "common": "Achira",
        "alternative": [
          "Queensland arrowroot"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Canna",
        "species": "indica",
        "authority": "L.",
        "family": "Cannaceae",
        "note": "Edible achira is often listed as Canna edulis."
      },
      "crop_group": "root_tuber",
      "edible_part": "rhizome",
      "food": {
        "description": "Rhizome, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/achira.webp",
        "alt": "Achira plant (Canna edulis) leaves",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 584,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Canna Edulis 2003072001 0014.jpg",
          "author": "Giantsshoulders (English Wikipedia)",
          "licence": "Public domain",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canna_Edulis_2003072001_0014.jpg"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "chuno",
      "names": {
        "common": "Chuño",
        "alternative": [
          "tunta"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Solanum",
        "species": "tuberosum",
        "authority": "L.",
        "family": "Solanaceae",
        "note": "Traditional freeze-dried potato; also made from other cultivated potato species."
      },
      "crop_group": "root_tuber",
      "edible_part": "tuber",
      "food": {
        "description": "Freeze-dried potato tuber",
        "condition": "dried"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/chuno.webp",
        "alt": "Black chuño (freeze-dried potatoes) in a sack",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 481,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Chuño.jpg",
          "author": "Eric in SF",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chu%C3%B1o.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lima-bean",
      "names": {
        "common": "Lima bean",
        "alternative": [
          "pallar"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Phaseolus",
        "species": "lunatus",
        "authority": "L.",
        "family": "Fabaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "grain_legume",
      "edible_part": "seed",
      "food": {
        "description": "Lima beans, large, mature seeds, raw",
        "condition": "dry"
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "usda-sr-legacy-2018",
        "source_record": "FDC ID 174252 (SR Legacy NDB 16071), 'Lima beans, large, mature seeds, raw'",
        "match": "direct",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 338,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 21.46,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 0.69,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 63.38,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 19.0,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "ash": {
            "value": 4.3,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 81,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/lima-bean.webp",
        "alt": "Large pale lima beans",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 470,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Phaseoulus lunatus.jpg",
          "author": "Howard F. Schwartz, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org",
          "licence": "CC BY 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phaseoulus_lunatus.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "common-bean",
      "names": {
        "common": "Common bean",
        "alternative": [
          "frijol",
          "poroto"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Phaseolus",
        "species": "vulgaris",
        "authority": "L.",
        "family": "Fabaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "grain_legume",
      "edible_part": "seed",
      "food": {
        "description": "Beans, cranberry (roman), mature seeds, raw",
        "condition": "dry",
        "note": "Values describe the cranberry market class; Andean bean landraces may differ."
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "usda-sr-legacy-2018",
        "source_record": "FDC ID 175189, 'Beans, cranberry (roman), mature seeds, raw'",
        "match": "direct",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 335,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 23.0,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 1.2,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 60.05,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 24.7,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 127,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/common-bean.webp",
        "alt": "Speckled red common beans",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 480,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Red Speckled Kidney Beans.jpg",
          "author": "Sanjay Acharya",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Speckled_Kidney_Beans.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "peanut",
      "names": {
        "common": "Peanut",
        "alternative": [
          "maní"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Arachis",
        "species": "hypogaea",
        "authority": "L.",
        "family": "Fabaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "grain_legume",
      "edible_part": "seed",
      "food": {
        "description": "Peanuts, all types, raw",
        "condition": "dry"
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "usda-sr-legacy-2018",
        "source_record": "FDC ID 172430 (SR Legacy NDB 16087), 'Peanuts, all types, raw'",
        "match": "direct",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 567,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "water": {
            "value": 6.5,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 25.8,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 49.24,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 16.13,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 8.5,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "ash": {
            "value": 2.33,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 92,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 4.58,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/peanut.webp",
        "alt": "Raw peanuts with skins on a white plate",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 539,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Raw peanuts with skin on white plate.jpg",
          "author": "Undeka 11",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raw_peanuts_with_skin_on_white_plate.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cape-gooseberry",
      "names": {
        "common": "Cape gooseberry",
        "alternative": [
          "aguaymanto",
          "uchuva",
          "goldenberry"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Physalis",
        "species": "peruviana",
        "authority": "L.",
        "family": "Solanaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Groundcherries (cape-gooseberries or poha), raw",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "usda-sr-legacy-2018",
        "source_record": "SR Legacy NDB 09138, 'Groundcherries, (cape-gooseberries or poha), raw'",
        "match": "proxy",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 53,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "water": {
            "value": 85.4,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 1.9,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 0.7,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 11.2,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 9,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 1.0,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [
        {
          "code": "proxy-match",
          "text": "The source record covers groundcherries, cape gooseberries and poha without naming a species; it is used as a proxy for Physalis peruviana."
        }
      ],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/cape-gooseberry.webp",
        "alt": "Cape gooseberry fruit in its open papery husk",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 576,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Physalis peruviana calix open close-up.jpg",
          "author": "Ivar Leidus",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Physalis_peruviana_calix_open_close-up.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "cherimoya",
      "names": {
        "common": "Cherimoya",
        "alternative": [
          "chirimoya"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Annona",
        "species": "cherimola",
        "authority": "Mill.",
        "family": "Annonaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Cherimoya, raw",
        "condition": "fresh",
        "note": "Fat is omitted because secondary copies of the source record disagree."
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "usda-sr-legacy-2018",
        "source_record": "SR Legacy NDB 09062, 'Cherimoya, raw'",
        "match": "direct",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 75,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "water": {
            "value": 79.4,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 1.6,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 17.7,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fibre": {
            "value": 3.0,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "ash": {
            "value": 0.65,
            "verification": "corroborated",
            "note": "Corroborated by scaling a per-serving (160 g) listing of the source record to 100 g."
          },
          "calcium": {
            "value": 10,
            "verification": "corroborated",
            "note": "Corroborated by scaling a per-serving (160 g) listing of the source record to 100 g."
          },
          "iron": {
            "value": 0.27,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/cherimoya.webp",
        "alt": "Cherimoya fruit on the tree",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 540,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Annona cherimola fruit, Pedra Bela, Brazil.jpg",
          "author": "Marcelo RosaMelo",
          "licence": "CC0 1.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Annona_cherimola_fruit%2C_Pedra_Bela%2C_Brazil.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "lucuma",
      "names": {
        "common": "Lúcuma",
        "alternative": [
          "lucuma"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Pouteria",
        "species": "lucuma",
        "authority": "(Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze",
        "family": "Sapotaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Fruit pulp, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/lucuma.webp",
        "alt": "Two ripe lúcuma fruits",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 540,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Lucuma 1.JPG",
          "author": "Dtarazona",
          "licence": "Public domain",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lucuma_1.JPG"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "tree-tomato",
      "names": {
        "common": "Tree tomato",
        "alternative": [
          "tamarillo",
          "sachatomate",
          "tomate de árbol"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Solanum",
        "species": "betaceum",
        "authority": "Cav.",
        "family": "Solanaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Fruit, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/tree-tomato.webp",
        "alt": "Orange tree tomatoes hanging on the plant",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 720,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Solanum betaceum-IMG 0242.jpg",
          "author": "C T Johansson",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_betaceum-IMG_0242.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "pepino-dulce",
      "names": {
        "common": "Pepino dulce",
        "alternative": [
          "pepino",
          "sweet pepino"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Solanum",
        "species": "muricatum",
        "authority": "Aiton",
        "family": "Solanaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Fruit, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/pepino-dulce.webp",
        "alt": "Pepino dulce fruits with purple stripes",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 540,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Starr-140402-0157-Solanum muricatum-fruit-Hawea Pl Olinda-Maui (24610929944).jpg",
          "author": "Forest and Kim Starr",
          "licence": "CC BY 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr-140402-0157-Solanum_muricatum-fruit-Hawea_Pl_Olinda-Maui_%2824610929944%29.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "granadilla",
      "names": {
        "common": "Sweet granadilla",
        "alternative": [
          "granadilla"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Passiflora",
        "species": "ligularis",
        "authority": "Juss.",
        "family": "Passifloraceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Fruit pulp with seeds, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/granadilla.webp",
        "alt": "Sweet granadilla, whole and cut open to show the seeds in their pulp",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 480,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Sweet granadillas (Passiflora ligularis) - whole and cross section.jpg",
          "author": "Ivar Leidus",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sweet_granadillas_%28Passiflora_ligularis%29_-_whole_and_cross_section.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "tumbo",
      "names": {
        "common": "Banana passionfruit",
        "alternative": [
          "tumbo",
          "curuba"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Passiflora",
        "species": "tripartita",
        "authority": "(Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P.Jørg.",
        "family": "Passifloraceae",
        "infraspecific": "var. mollissima"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Fruit pulp, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/tumbo.webp",
        "alt": "Banana passionfruit (curuba) cut lengthwise",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 650,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Curuba.jpg",
          "author": "Fibonacci",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Curuba.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "naranjilla",
      "names": {
        "common": "Naranjilla",
        "alternative": [
          "lulo"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Solanum",
        "species": "quitoense",
        "authority": "Lam.",
        "family": "Solanaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Naranjilla (lulo) pulp, frozen, unsweetened",
        "condition": "fresh",
        "note": "Fibre is omitted because secondary copies of the source record disagree."
      },
      "composition": {
        "source": "usda-sr-legacy-2018",
        "source_record": "FDC ID 167790, 'Naranjilla (lulo) pulp, frozen, unsweetened'",
        "match": "direct",
        "values": {
          "energy": {
            "value": 25,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "water": {
            "value": 93.05,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "protein": {
            "value": 0.44,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "fat": {
            "value": 0.22,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "carbohydrate_total": {
            "value": 5.9,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          },
          "ash": {
            "value": 0.39,
            "verification": "corroborated"
          }
        }
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/naranjilla.webp",
        "alt": "Hairy naranjilla fruits on the plant",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 480,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Solanum quitoense 13zz.jpg",
          "author": "David J. Stang",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solanum_quitoense_13zz.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "pacay",
      "names": {
        "common": "Pacay",
        "alternative": [
          "pacae",
          "ice-cream bean"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Inga",
        "species": "feuillei",
        "authority": "DC.",
        "family": "Fabaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Sweet pulp around the seeds, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/pacay.webp",
        "alt": "Long pacay pods hanging on the tree",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 960,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Starr 070328-6185 Inga feuillei.jpg",
          "author": "Forest and Kim Starr",
          "licence": "CC BY 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_070328-6185_Inga_feuillei.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "mora",
      "names": {
        "common": "Andean blackberry",
        "alternative": [
          "mora de Castilla"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Rubus",
        "species": "glaucus",
        "authority": "Benth.",
        "family": "Rosaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Fruit, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/mora.webp",
        "alt": "Andean blackberries ripening beside a flower",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 480,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Starr 970603-0069 Rubus glaucus.jpg",
          "author": "Forest and Kim Starr",
          "licence": "CC BY 3.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_970603-0069_Rubus_glaucus.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "sauco",
      "names": {
        "common": "Andean elderberry",
        "alternative": [
          "sauco"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Sambucus",
        "species": "peruviana",
        "authority": "Kunth",
        "family": "Adoxaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "fruit",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Fruit, fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/sauco.webp",
        "alt": "Andean elderberry shrub with fruit clusters",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 478,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Sambucus peruviana of the Adoxaceae (8429008178).jpg",
          "author": "Dick Culbert from Gibsons, B.C., Canada",
          "licence": "CC BY 2.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sambucus_peruviana_of_the_Adoxaceae_%288429008178%29.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "aji-amarillo",
      "names": {
        "common": "Ají amarillo",
        "alternative": [
          "yellow chilli"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Capsicum",
        "species": "baccatum",
        "authority": "(Willd.) Eshbaugh",
        "family": "Solanaceae",
        "infraspecific": "var. pendulum"
      },
      "crop_group": "vegetable",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Fruit (pod), fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/aji-amarillo.webp",
        "alt": "Yellow-orange ají amarillo pods",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 540,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Aji Amarillo pepper.jpg",
          "author": "Luis Tamayo",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 2.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aji_Amarillo_pepper.jpg",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/"
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "rocoto",
      "names": {
        "common": "Rocoto",
        "alternative": [
          "locoto"
        ]
      },
      "taxon": {
        "genus": "Capsicum",
        "species": "pubescens",
        "authority": "Ruiz & Pav.",
        "family": "Solanaceae"
      },
      "crop_group": "vegetable",
      "edible_part": "fruit",
      "food": {
        "description": "Fruit (pod), fresh",
        "condition": "fresh"
      },
      "composition": {
        "status": "pending",
        "note": "No documented source has been added yet. Candidate source: Tablas peruanas de composición de alimentos (Instituto Nacional de Salud, Peru), which could not be accessed for this release.",
        "values": {}
      },
      "notes": [],
      "flags": [],
      "image": {
        "file": "assets/img/crops/rocoto.webp",
        "alt": "Red rocoto peppers, whole and cut open to show the black seeds",
        "width": 720,
        "height": 633,
        "credit": {
          "title": "File:Capsicum pubescens (Rocoto).JPG",
          "author": "Falcodigiada",
          "licence": "CC BY-SA 4.0",
          "source_url": "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Capsicum_pubescens_%28Rocoto%29.JPG",
          "licence_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}